Environmental science important one liner questions.
1.An ecosystem is a structural and functional unit of ecology
2.The term “Ecosystem” was first coined by A.G.Tansley, an English botanist, in 1935.
3.The sun is the ultimate source of energy on earth.
4.Charles Elton was the first ecologist to describe the ecological pyramid and its principals in 1927.
5.The largest ecosystem in the world is the aquatic ecosystem. It comprises freshwater and marine ecosystems. It constitutes 70% of the surface of the earth.
6.Charles Elton developed the concept of the pyramid of numbers. Later, G.Evylen Hutchinson and Raymond Lindeman developed the idea of the pyramid of energy or productivity.
7.Pyramid of energy is the only type of ecological pyramid, which is always upright as the energy flow in a food chain is always unidirectional.
8.The 10% law was given by Raymond Lindeman. This law states that when energy is transferred from one trophic level to the other, only 10% energy from the organic matter is passed on
9.The pyramid of biomass is also upright except for that observed in oceans where large numbers of zooplanktons depend on a relatively smaller number of phytoplanktons.
10.The pyramid of numbers is usually upright except for some situations like that of the detritus food chain, where many organisms feed on one dead plant or animal.
*In-situ conservation of biodiversity is the conservation of species within their natural habitat. In this method, the natural ecosystem is maintained and protected.*
in-situ conservation takes place include:---> *national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves.*
*Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity involves the breeding and maintenance of endangered species in artificial ecosystems such as zoos, nurseries, botanical gardens, gene banks, etc.*
Father of Indian economy:--->Ramdeo Misra
1.The Govt. of India had launched “Project Tiger” on 1st April 1973 to promote conservation of the tiger.
2.The three types of ecological pyramids include:
1.Pyramid of Number.
2.Pyramid of Biomass.
3.Pyramid of Energy.
The three indices of diversity are – i) Alpha, ii) Beta, and iii) Gamma diversity:--->
1.CNG:-Compressed Natural Gas
2.Every year on *26 November, 'World Environment Protection Day'* is celebrated all over the world.
3.World Environment Day is celebrated on *June 5 every year*
4.Year 2007 is Water Year declared by the government.
5.Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
6.pyramid of energy is always upright
7.first national park in India:- *Jim Corbett* *National Park* was established in 1936, and it was named Hailey National Park after its founder Sir Malcolm Hailey. In 1956, in honour of Jim Corbett, who took the initiative for wildlife preservation in India, the Indian Government renamed it as Corbett National Park.
8.replacement of one community of living organisms by another is known as:--->Ecological succession
9.pedology, scientific discipline concerned with all aspects of soils, including their physical and chemical properties, the role of organisms in soil production and in relation to soil character, the description and mapping of soil units, and the origin and formation of soils.
10.The ozone layer sits in the stratosphere between 15 km and 30 km above the earth.
1.Maximum biodiversity is found in Tropical rain forests.
2.The destruction of chlorophyll is due to the increase in the Sulphur dioxide concentration.
3.An approximate of 1.7 million organisms are known to exist.
4.The term megadiverse country refers to any one of a group of nations that harbor the majority of Earth's species and high numbers of endemic species.
5.Ranthambore National Park is one of the biggest and most renowned national parks in Northern India. The park is located in the Sawai Madhopur district of southeastern Rajasthan, which is about 130 km from Jaipur.
6.Four of the world's 36 biodiversity hotspots are located in India: The Himalayas, Western Ghats, Indo-Burma area, and Sundaland.
7.Andaman and Nicobar Islands regions of India has a combination of mangrove forest, evergreen forest and deciduous forest.
8.Ecology is the study of interrelationships between organisms and with their environment. It is also known as environmental science.
9.The word ecology is believed to have been invented by Ernst HaecKel (1869) though its first authentic usage was made by Reiter (1885).
10.Odum is known as the Father of modern ecology. He says that “Ecology is the study of structure and function of ecosystems”.
1.how much of energy reached to herbivores from plant:--->For each trophic level, only about 10 percent of energy passes from one level to the next. This is called the 10 percent rule.
2.The nutrient or biogeochemical cycles are more or less circular paths of the chemical elements passing back and forth between organisms and the environment whereas energy flow is always unidirectional which means the path is linear. Energy flow is unidirectional because energy flows from one trophic level to next higher one.
3.Simply, trophic level is each step in a food chain representing producers and consumers.
*The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.*
*It is a set of 17 SDGs
•The SDGs are designed to end poverty, hunger, AIDS, and discrimination against women.
•India in recent years has made significant efforts in achieving the Goal 13th of the SDGs in particular.
Adopted in 2015, SDGs came into effect in January 2016. They are meant to be achieved by 2030.
The SDGs were born at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro in 2012. The Club of Rome advocated resource conservation for the first time in a more systematic way in 1968.
The circular economy is a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. In this way, the life cycle of products is extended.
*These developments were a result of the United Nations Conference on Human Environment, held in Stockholm in 1972. First, the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 was enacted. Then, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 was passed, followed by the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981. Then in 1986, the EPA was passed by the Parliament, in the wake of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, which occurred on Dec 2, 1984*
In 1986, the Environment (Protection) Act was passed.
It was passed primarily for the purpose of ensuring the preservation and enhancement of the environment, as well as for issues related thereto.
The first draft of the Indian Constitution did not include any provisions for the preservation of the environment.
However, the protection of the environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, was mandated as one of the Fundamental Duties, which were added by the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.
*“Seven deadly sins*
*Wealth without work, Pleasure without conscience, Science without humanity, Knowledge without character, Politics without principle, Commerce without morality, Worship without sacrifice.”*
*– Mahatma Gandhi*
“The three key societal members who can make a difference are father, mother and teacher” -A P J Abdul Kalam.
Ramsar Convention is a convention on wetlands that was signed in 1971 in the Iranian city of Ramsar.
NGT :- set up under the *National Green Tribunal Act in 2010.*
*AQI:--> Air Quality Index*
*important questions of environmental studies and value education*
1.The Govt. of India had launched *“Project Tiger” on 1st April 1973* to promote conservation of the tiger.
2.Presently, there are 18 notified biosphere reserves in India.
3.Eutrophication is the process in which a water body becomes overly enriched with nutrients, leading to the plentiful growth of simple plant life.
4.The tropical rain forests have the largest terrestrial biodiversity.
5.Detritus food chain is the type of food chain that starts with dead organic materials.
6.The slogan of World Environment Day 2023 is "Solutions to plastic pollution" with the hashtag #BeatPlasticPollution.
7.biosphere reserves are traditionally organized into three interrelated zones, known as the core area, the buffer zone, and a transition area or 'area of cooperation(spherical zone). '
8.Oceans are the most stable ecosystems.
9.As energy flows from one trophic level to the next trophic level some amount of energy is lost in each trophic level in the form of heat. Therefore, the pyramid of energy is *always upright and can never be inverted*.
10.India's first national park was established in 1936, now known as Jim Corbett National Park, in Uttarakhand.
11.The *energy is maximum at the producers*' i.e. trophic level 1.
12.Ecological succession is the process by which the mix of species and habitat in an area changes over time.
*1.pedology, scientific discipline concerned with all aspects of soils*
*2 The ozone layer sits in the stratosphere between 15 km and 30 km above the earth*
*3.The three types of ecological pyramids include: Pyramid of Number. Pyramid of Biomass. Pyramid of Energy.*
*4.The major undesirable components of photochemical smog are nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), PAN (peroxyacetylnitrate), and chemical compounds that contain the –CHO group (aldehydes).*
*5.The destruction of chlorophyll is due to the increase in the Sulphur dioxide concentration which removes the phytol group of chlorophyll.*
*6.In ecology, alpha diversity is the mean species diversity in a site at a local scale. The term was introduced by R. H. Whittaker together with the terms beta diversity and gamma diversity.*
*7.In 2021 it listed 2.13 million species on the planet.*
*8.Brazil. It is the country with the greatest biodiversity of flora and fauna on the planet.*
*9.The term megadiverse country refers to any one of a group of nations that harbor the majority of Earth's species and high numbers of endemic species.*
*10.Ranthambore National Park is one of the biggest and most renowned national parks in Northern India. The park is located in the Sawai Madhopur district of southeastern Rajasthan, which is about 130 km from Jaipur.*
*1.Four of the world's 36 biodiversity hotspots are located in India: The Himalayas, Western Ghats, Indo-Burma area, and Sundaland. Two of these, the Indo-Burma area and Sundaland, are distributed throughout South Asia and are not precisely contained within India's formal borders.*
*2The 'Red Data Book' is a document that is established for documenting rare and endangered species of animals, plants, and fungi that exist within the territory of the state or country.*
3.IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) was established on 5 October 1948 in the French town of Fontainebleau. As the first global environmental union, we brought together governments and civil society with a shared goal to protect nature.
*4.Andaman and Nicobar Islands regions of India has a combination of mangrove forest, evergreen forest and deciduous forest.*
*5species which is no longer present in its original range or as a distinct species any longer is called extinct species. It was previously living and existent but has now vanished from Earth. Eg : Dinosaurs, Dodo Bird.*
1.The government of Maldives held a cabinet meeting in 2009 under water to highlight the threat of global warming.
2.A disease not caused by water pollution is: AIDS
3.Non-conventional source of energy is :Solar Radiation
4.This phosphorus cycle is said to be a sedimentary cycle because of the sedimentary rocks and the other rocks which gives rise to the cycling of the phosphorus from the abiotic component to the biotic components to the back.
#Which one is flowed in Sedimentary Cycle: Minerals
1.The percentage of nitrogen in the air is 78%. Oxygen occupies 21% and argon occupies 0.9%.
*Food webs connect many different food chains, and many different trophic levels. Food webs can support food chains that are long and complicated, or very short.*
*National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established on 18th October 2010 under the NGT Act of 2010 as a specialized body for handling any environmental disputes that involve multi-disciplinary issues. It was formed by replacing the National Environment Appellate Authority. It also draws inspiration from Article 21 of the India Constitution which assures to provide a healthy environment to the citizens of India.*
*Unit03*
An *air quality index (AQI)* is an indicator developed by government agencies[1] to communicate to the public how polluted the air currently is or how polluted it is forecast to become.
*Bioassessments are the primary tool to evaluate the biologi- cal condition of a waterbody.*
*An environmental management system is "a system which integrates policy, procedures and processes for training of personnel, monitoring, summarizing, and reporting of specialized environmental performance information to internal and external stakeholders of a firm".*
*Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process of evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development, taking into account inter-related socio-economic, cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse.*
*Environmental auditing is a systematic, documented, periodic and objective process in assessing an organization's activities and services in relation to: Assessing compliance with relevant statutory and internal requirements. Facilitating management control of environmental practices.*
*Which of the following plants aid as an indicator to ozone pollution? Explanation: Tomato, tobacco and watermelon are highly sensitive to ozone, and thereby contribute to indicating ozone pollution.*
************************************"***Complete************************************